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SMITHSOXLXX DEFOSl 



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MASSACHUSETTS 



Institute of Technology, 



BOSTON. 




CALENDAR FOR 1894-95. 

School year began Monday, Sept. 24, 1894. 

Second term began Tuesday, Jan. 29, 1895. 

Degrees conferred Tuesday, May 28, 1895. 

First Entrance Examinations . . . . 5 Thursday, June 27, 1895, and 

( Friday, June 28, 1895. 
Examinations for Advanced Standing . Wednesday, Sept. 18, 1895. 

, ^ ^ . , , C Tuesday, Sept. 24, 1895, and 

Second Entrance Examinations ' . . j Wednesday, Sept. 25, 1895. 

School year of 1895-96 will begin . . Monday, Sept. 30, 1895. 



CALENDAR FOR 1895-96. 

School year will begin Monday, Sept. 30, 1895. 

Second term will begin Tuesday, Feb. 11, 1896. 

Degrees conferred Tuesday, June 9, 1896. 

First Entrance Examinations . . . J Thursday, June 25, 1896. and 

( Friday, June 20, 1 896. 
Examinations for Advanced Standing . Friday, Sept. 18, 1896. 

Second Entrance Examinations ■ . . j Tuesday Sept. 22, .896 and 

(.Wednesday, Sept. 23, 1896. 
School year of 1896-97 will begin . . Wednesday, Sept. 30, 1896. 



f Oct. 10, and Dec. 12, 1894. 
Stated Meetings of the Corporation . . | ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^j^^ ^4, 1895. 

Stated Meetings of the Executive > ( First and third Tuesdays of 
Committee of the Corporation > 1 every month. 



3^ 




EXTPvAXCE HALL. ROGERS BUILDIXG. 



MASSACHUSETTS 



Institute of Technology, 



BOSTON. 



A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF ITS FOUNDATION, 
CHARACTER, AND EQUIPMENT 




BOSTON: 

PUBUsiii-:!) \\\ Tin: ixsrrrr'ri<. 
1895. 



ToHX Wilson and Sr^N. Camehiez-e. U.S.A. 



A 



,.\ ■ . 



MASSACHUSETTS 
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 



" I ^HE Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a Scientific 
-^ School, or College of Industrial Science, in which are taught 
the sciences and their applications to useful arts, through a very wide 
range. The studies, exercises, and experiments carried on in the 
school are grouped into thirteen four-year courses as follows : — 

COURSES OF INSTRUCTION. 

I. Civil Engineering, including Eailroad Engineering, Highway 
Engineering, Bridge Building, and Hydraulic Engineering. 
IE Mechanical Engineering, including Steam Engineering, Mill 
AND Locomotive Engineering. 

III. Mining Engineering and Metallurgy. 

IV. Architecture. 
V. ChExMistry. 

VI. Electrical Engineering. 

VIL Biology. 

VIII. Physics. 

IX. (tEneral Studies. 

X. Chemical Engineering. 

XI. Sanitary Engixeki!tng. 

XII. (tEOLOCJY. 

XIII. Naval Alien it Kc/rriiK. 

FOUNDATION. 

^Ihe Institute was chartcrech in ISiil, and ojxmumI to stuiK^nts in 
IS()5. [ts founder and first President was Dr. Wii.iivm Hmm'on 
JioGKHs, formerly professor in the Inivcrsity o( \ irgiiiia, anil 



Massachusetts Instititte of Technology. 



Director of the Geological Survey of that State. Dr. Rogers died 
in 1882. At the time of his death he was President of the National 
Academy of Sciences. Among Dr. Rogers' co-laborers were some 
of the most eminent men of the time, notably, Dr. Jacob Bige- 
Low, James B. Francis, George B. Emerson, Erastus B. Bigelow, 
John D. and Edward S. Phil brick. 



REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION. 

The requirements for admission are substantially the same as the 
requirements for graduation from a good city high school or from 
the English or scientific department of an endowed academy like 
Exeter, Andover, or Easthampton. The examinations embrace 
Algebra, Plane Geometry, Advanced Algebra or Solid Geometry, 
History, French (or German), English Grammar and Composition. 

The average age of the entering class is a little over eighteen and 
a half years. 

DEGREES. 

The degree of Bachelor of Science (S.B.) is given for the success- 
ful completion of any one of the four-year courses. The degrees 
of Master of Science, Doctor of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy are 
offered for the completion of advanced courses of study at the Institute. 



AGRICULTURE. 

It will appear from the list of courses already given that the art 
of Agriculture is not taught at the Institute. The reason is that, 
when Congress passed the Act of July .2, 1862, providing for the 
establishment in each State of at least one College of Agriculture 
and the Mechanic Arts, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, by 
Act of April 27, 1863, constituted the Institute of Technology 
(which had been previously chartered) the College of "Mechanic 
Arts for the Commonwealth, and at the same time established a 
college at Amherst to promote the interests of agricultural education. 
But while thus Agriculture is not taught at the Institute as an art, 
the sciences which especially contribute to Agriculture — that is, 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



Chemistry, Physics, Biology, and Geology — are made the subjects 
of distinct courses. Moreover, Topography, Irrigation, Drainage, 
Highway Engineering, and Road Making (all of them directly 
tributary to Agriculture) are extensively pursued at the school. 



MILITARY TACTICS. 

In accordance with the requirements of the Act of 1862, the Insti- 
tute gives instruction in Military Tactics, an officer of the regular 
army being detailed for that duty, with the rank of professor. This 
branch of instruction is required only in the first year, three exercises 
being held each week. Arms and equipments are furnished by the 
United States government. In addition to the Gymnasium of the 
Institute, the Cadet Battalion is, by the courtesy of the Common- 
wealth, allowed to drill regularly in the armory of the First Regi- 
ment of Massachusetts Militia. 



GRADUATES OF OTHER COLLEGES. 

The Institute of Technology generally has in its courses between 
seventy and eighty graduates of other colleges and scientific schools, 
who come to the Institute to take technical courses. Such students 
may often, by proper arrangement of their previous studies, 
complete the Institute course in two years. Persons taking college 
courses with the purpose of subsequently pursuing technical studies 
are invited to correspond with the Secretary of the Institute in 
regard to such arrangement. 



TEACHERS AT THE INSTITUTE. 

Teachers are admitted to the Institute without examination. For 
those who can only attend in the afternoons and on Saturday forenoon, 
special provision and arrangements are, so tar as |)ossible, maile to 
enable them to take the courses for which tliey apply. 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



SUMMER SCHOOLS. 

For the benefit of those students who are able to continue their 
studies through the earher part of the long vacation, and to give 
opportunities for professional experience of a kind not otherwise 
possible, summer schools are held in Architecture, in Topography, 
Geodesy, and Geology, in Mining Engineering and Metallurgy, 
and in Naval Architecture. These schools are held at such points 
away from Boston as ofler special advantages for the execution or 
examination of professional w^ork. Tuition is free to members 
of the Institute, and, generally speaking, to such former students as 
may be disposed to join the classes. Other persons are, in certain 
cases, admitted upon giving satisfactory evidence of their being 
properly qualified, and upon payment of a small tuition fee. 

The first of these schools to be established was that of Mining 
Engineering and Metallurgy, which was begun in 1872. A School 
of Naval Architecture wdll be held this year (1895) for the first time. 

SUMMER COURSES. 

In addition to the professional Summer Schools, spoken of, sum- 
mer courses are held within the buildings of the Institute in June 
and July, which are intended for three classes of pupils : Eirst, 
persons, for example, graduates of colleges, who desire to enter the 
Institute with advanced standing, and for that purpose may have 
occasion to make up some of the work of the earlier years ; 
Secondly, students of the Institute who desire to anticipate some one 
or more of the studies of the coming year, w^hether to lighten 
their w^ork or to enable them to take other, optional, studies ; Thirdly, 
students of the Institute wdio have been conditioned in some of the 
studies of the past year, or have failed to complete their studies to 
their own satisfaction. 

The courses thus far held at the Institute during June and July 
have been in the departments of Mathematics, Chemistry,' Biology, 
Physics, Modern Languages, Drawing, and Descriptive Geometry. 

The fee for tuition is, in general, $25.00 for each course, with a 
separate charge for breakage and laboratory supplies in the chemical 
courses. 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



THE PURPOSE OF THE SCHOOL. 

While the applications of the sciences to the useful arts are taught 
in the Institute of Technology, and nowhere more fully, the primary 
purpose of the school is education. Not only are mere knacks and 
devices and technical methods constantly subordinated to the acquisi- 
tion of principles, but those principles are studied with the predominant 
purpose to expand and develop the mind, to exercise the powers and 



:i "% 




Fourth Year. Hydraulic Fieldwork Party 



to train the faculties of the pupil. What the Institute aims to do is 
to graduate those who are, first, well-educated men in all which that 
term implies, and who, secondly, have studied the problems of some 
one technical profession, have mastered the scientific j)rin('iplos re- 
lated thereto, and have had a certain amount of practice in the 
application of those principles to such problems. 

In the four years rc^cjuired lor graduation it is sought — 

1. ^IV) make tlie pupil observant, discriminating, and c^xact. 

2. To develoj) in him a taste for rescNU'ch and (Experimentation on 
the one side, and for active exertion on thi' other. 



lo Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

8. To give him the mastery of the faiidamental principles of 
mathematics, chemistry, and physics, which uiiderhe the practice of 
all the scientific professions. 

4. To equip him with such an amount of practical and technical 
knowledge, and to make him so familiar with the special problems 
of the particular scientific profession at which he individually aims, 
as to qualify him immediately upon graduation to take a place in 
the industrial order. How^ far this object has been attained through 
the instruction given in the Institute of Technology, the roll of its 
alumni and their occupations, as contained in the successive annual 
catalogues, will tell. As a rule, the graduates of the Institute readily 
find professional positions wdiere they have an opportunity to show 
what is in them, and to work their way upward as fast as they 
deserve. As a rule, also, the course of the graduate of the Institute 
is one of steady and even rapid promotion. 

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES. 

The characteristic and distino-uishmo; features of the Institute may 
be said to be : — 

1. The great number of its teachers and pupils. It is the 
laro'est scientific and technical school in the United States, and one 
of the largest in the world. By the catalogue of IS 94-9 5, the 
number of students is 11 S3, and the number of teachers 137. This 
great body of students come from thirty-seven States and two Terri- 
tories of the Union, and from nineteen foreign countries. 

2. The great variety of its courses, as show^n on a preceding 
page. Some schools devote themselves chiefly or solely to Civil 
Engineering ; other schools to Mechanical Engineering ; others 
still to Civil and Mechanical Engineering ; some are predomi- 
nantly Mining schools. This institution is a school of general 
technology, embracing almost every department of instruction and 
of experimentation which, is found in any scientific or technical 
school. It is believed that the several departments of the Massa- 
chusetts Institute of Technology mutually support each other and 
induce a healthful emulation, while allowins^ a deo-ree of differen- 
tiation and specialization which would be simply impossible in a 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 



1 1 



small college, with a less numerous staff of instructors. Thus, at 
the Institute of Technology, there are not only professors of Civil 
Engineering and of Mechanical Engineering, but professors or instruc- 
tors in Mechanism, in Steam Engineering, in Railroad Engineering, 
in Highway Engineering, in Hydraulic Engineering, in Topographical 
Engineering, etc. Again, the chemical staff of twenty-two pers*ons 
is distributed over General Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Organic 
Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, and Sanitary Chemistry. Several 




^'~-' '-^^\ 



M 




Third Year. Civil Engineering Field Instruments. 



of these departments have more than one laboratory devoted to their 
experiments and researches. Thus, there are separate laboratories 
for water analysis, for gas analysis, for food analysis, for dyeing and 
bleaching, for organic combustions, etc. In each oi' these are 
teachers who are able to give their entire time to instruction and 
research in a single line. 

3. The third characteristic of the Institute ()( Teclniology is tln^ 
unusually large amount of laboratory work that is cari'ied on. 
Indeed, it was in this school that certain knids o\' hhovMovy wovk 



were 



betrui 



lei'c^ the fn'st laboratorv of i:cMUM-al ('hiMiiistr\- was 



I 2 MassacJnisctts Institute of Technology. 



organized bv Professors Eliot and Storer. Here the tirst iabuiatorv 
of general physics was planned bv President Rogers, and organ- 
ized bv Professor Pickering. Here the first nietalliirgical laborntoi'v 
equipped for the actual treatment of economic quantities of ore 
was founded bv Professor Richards. On Mav 30, l'^64, while 
the first building was going up, President Rogers had proposed 
a laboratorv where the student might "•' learn practically the methods 
of estimating motors and machines by the dynamometer, of ex- 
])erimenting on the flow of water, of air, and other gases, and of 
testino" the strength of the materials used in construction ; " and in 
1^73, a mechanical engineering laboratory was opened in the 
basement of the Rogers Building, the equipment having been 
planned and set up by Professor Whitaker. This is believed to 
have been the first engineering laboratory ever estaljlished. The 
first tests of the transverse strength of full-sized timber beams, as 
jjart of a scheme of instruction, were those made in the Institute 
Laboratory of Applied ]\[echanics, under Professor Lnnza. The 
Laboratory of Electrical Engineering, under the charge of Professor 
Cross, was the first established, at least in the United States. 

This leadership by the Listitute of Technology in the advancement 
of laboratory practice, in the lines mentioned, is significant of the 
spirit which has here^ in all departments, whether of Mechanics, of 
Physics, of Engineering, of Chemistry, of Biology, or of Architecture, 
instituted systematic experimental work at nearly every point in 
every course, to illustrate, to enforce, and to supplement the work of 
the recitation-room, the lecture-room, and the drawing-room. But 
Avhile laboratory work is carried so far at the Listitute of Technology, 
it is also true that the student is never allowed to lapse into the 
state of mind when he can do nothing but laboratory work. — a 
condition often reached in schools of mere research. This danger 
has been purposely guarded against : and in each term of his course 
except the last, the student is called back from the moods of the 
laboratorv to do sood lecture-room and recitation-room work, and 
to give account, clearly and sharply, of what he has been doing in 
the laboratory. 

4. The fourth characteristic of the Listitute of Technology to be 
indicated is the high standard of scholarship which has from the 



Massachusetts Instittite of Technology. 



first been maintained. The Institute stands with the Mihtary 
Academy at West Point and the Naval Academy at Annapolis, in 
insisting upon the full, actual accomplishment of all its prescribed 
work, as a condition precedent to graduation. This school was 
founded in a confident reliance upon the essential manliness of young 
men, — a belief that, if properly appealed to, and if given work which 
thev themselves see to be worth doino', vouno- men can be brouo;ht 
to labor with enthusiasm and energy ; and that lowering the standard 





Fuei:-IIa.\o Duawing-Room; Rogers Riilding. 



of requirements is not the way to make a school po})ular any nunv 
than it is the way to make it useful. The unprecedented resort ot" 
students to tlie lialls of tlie Institute atlords siitlicuMir [)r(H)l' that in 
this view the founders of the Institute of Technology nia(h^ no 
mistake. In that spirit the Institute was c^stabhshed, and in that 
spirit it has becni unt'alteringly maintained, as a |)hi('i' tor nuMi to 
work, and not for boys to play. 

5. The fact that, iVoiu the Ibundalioii of the school, a certain 
amount of general stucbes lias been madi* part ol" cmmt course in the 
Institute for at least threes years out ol" the four reipnred for grailua- 



14 Massac/rciStfts Institiitt of TtcJniolory. 

tiou. Id some, perhaps most, scientific or technical schools there 

are no '• liberal studies " aside from those of a professional character ; 

in other schools there are no such studies after the fii*st year. Tlie 

authorities of the Institute of Technology, however, have uniformly 

maintained the }X)sition that some degree of philosophical study 

should be combined with scientific work. 

is. The exceedinelv hisrh srrade of thesis work which is attained 

in the fomth year. This would be impossible but for the foundation 

laid for it by the manner in which the work of the earlier yeai-s is 

done. Many of the theses prepared by the students as a condition of 

graduation have been published in the proceedings of the Institutes of 

Minin£:En£:ineei-s. of Civil Enofineers. of ^Mechanical Ens:ineei*s. in the 

Chemical Journal, in the proceedings of the American Academy of Arts 

and Sciences, or in other connections. It is intended that all the thesis 

work done at the Institute of Technolosrv shall attain the character 

of original investieation or desisrn : and. in the cases of successful 
»_ »_ «— ' ' 

candidates for the degree, shall show the capability to initiate and 
conduct tests, experiments, or constructive work, upon strictly scien- 
tific principles and by approved methods. Two students are allowed 
to work together upon a thesis, whenever the nature of the investiga- 
tion, research, or design is such as to render collaboration necessary 
or highly useful. 

THE BUILDINGS OF TEE INSTITUTE. 

Tlie buildings occupied by the Institute are six in number. The two 
buildings fii'st constructed, known respectively as the Rogers and the 
Walker Buildings, are situated upon Boylston Street, one of the 
great thoroughfares of Boston, upon land conceded bv the Common- 
wealth of Massachusetts. The Rogers Building, completed in IS65, 
named in honor of William Barton Rogers, first President of the 
Institute, is 90 by 1.56 feet on the ground. Its interior structure is 
somewhat irregular, owing to the introduction of Huntington Hall : 
but it contains substantially four stories and a basement. It com- 
prises a hall seating nine hundred persons, used for public gather- 
ings and commencement exercises, as well as for lectures of the 
LfOwell Institute, numerous lecture-rooms, recitation-rooms, and 



Massachusetts Institute of Tech7iology. 



drawing-rooms in the upper stories, while on the first floor are 
found the departments of Biology and Geology, with the Presi- 
dent's and Secretary's offices, and, in the basement, the John 
Cummings Laboratory of Mining Engineering and ^letallurgy. 

The Walker Building, on the same square, at the corner of Claren- 
don Street, built in 1883, has almost precisely the same dimensions 
on the ground as the Rogers Building, and contains four stories and 
a basement. 



1 





f^f J 





Walker and Rogers Buildixgs. 



The Department of Chemistry occupies, with the Kidder Labora- 
tories and with its recitation and lecture rooms, the two u])])or stories 
of the building, together with a laboratory for Industrial diemistry 
in the basement. The Department of Physics occupies the ivniain- 
der of the basement, the entire first floor, and all the socoml 
floor not taken by six recitation-rooms for Modern Languages 
and Mathematics. 

Li addition to the Rogers and tlie Walker Huihlings, above 
described, two more of the |)rincipal structures of the Institute are 
situated upon Trinity Place, distant about six hundr(>d I'ihI {w^xw \\w 



10 



J/iisSiic/- y. . : .\" /? 



main Institute square- Of these, the Eugiueeriug Building, erected 
in 1SS9, is 52 bv 14S feet upon the ground, aud contains five stories 
and a basement. The basement and first storv are occupied bv the 
engiueering la]x)ratories, the four upper floors being the drawing, 
recitation, and lecture rooms of the Mechanical and the Civil 
Engiueering departments. 

Adjoining the Engineering Building is the Architectural Building, 
erected in 1S92. This is 5S bv 6S feet upon the ground, and, 
like the Ensrineerins Buildiiisr. cri^^rin- five s':ories and a basement. 




:vij AVI' Aj.;h:7z:7tp.al Bni.i>i:s^GS, 



the floors of the two buildinars ha\inor the same level in each case, 
with communication bv doorways. 

In addition to the four buildins^ mentioned- the Institute has at 
the foot of (jarrison Street a series of shops, which, with the boiler 
house and chimney, cover about 24,000 square feet on the ground. 

The last of the buildinsrs to be mentioned is the Gvmnasium, 160 
by 50 feet, for athletic and miUtary exercises, besides bath and toilet 
rooms and a due amount of gymnastic apparatus, the whole in 
charge of a competent Instructor. 

The Institute maintains no dormitories : its students find homes 
in the citv. or in beautiful suburban towns and cities. 



Massachusetts Institttte of Technology. 



17 



WOMEN AT THE INSTITUTE. 

The first woman graduate of the Institute was Miss Ellen H. 
Swallow, now Instructor in Sanitary Chemistry, who graduated with the 
class of 1873. Since that time 30 Avomen have received the degree 
of the Institute, some of them with distinguished honor. Much 
larger numbers have received instruction in partial courses. The 
number of women students at the Institute the present school year 
is 58, some of them graduates of other colleges. 




wbsk^ 



Makgauet Cheney Keading-Koom ; \\ ai.ki.k IUilding. 



The departments which women most frequently enter arc Chem- 
istry, Physics, Biology, and Architecture. Whde in the lines indi- 
cated women students almost invariably do good work, it is not 
expected that their number here will greatly increase. The institute 
of Technology is, by the natnre of the ease, essentially a man's 
college, though the Corporation and I'acuhy ha\c' seen no leason 
why anv person wlio wislies to iV^i the work ot the schook ami is 
(lualitied for it, shonld be exelnded bv n^ison ol' se\. 



Massachtisetts Institute of Technology. 



LIBRARIES. 

At the Institute of Technology books are regarded as apparatus 
for immediate use ; and the collections are, therefore, placed in direct 
connection with the several departments. 

There are, in all, eleven separate Hbraries, with an aggregate num- 
ber of 34,464 volumes. In addition to the card-catalogues of the 
separate libraries, there is a general card-catalogue, showing in 
which library any given book is to be found. 

The most valuable of the Institute libraries is the William Ripley 
Nichols Chemical Library, comprising 5,^00 volumes and 2,000 
pamphlets. The Engineering Library comprises 5,400 volumes ; 
the Physical Library 4,300, and the Library of Political Science^ 
6,700 volumes. The Architectural Library comprises 1,300 volumes, 
chiefly illustrated works, and 6,000 photographs. 

The several libraries are so arranged and conducted that a student 
can consult them with the smallest possible loss of time. The stu- 
dents have free access to the card-catalogaes and to the shelves. 
Each library is also used as a reading-room, all the magazines and 
journals belonging to the department being freely accessible. The 
number of periodicals received at the Institute, excluding all annuals, 
is three hundred and sixtv-two, formino- one of the laro'est collec- 
tions of scientific journals, magazines, and reviews to be found 
anywhere. 

THE LABORATORIES OF THE INSTITUTE. 

The chief and dominating feature of the Institute of Technology, 
from the material point of view, consists of its numerous large and 
well-equipped laboratories. The buildings of the Institute, in addi- 
tion to all drawing, recitation, and lecture rooms, and libraries, 
comprise eight laboratories or groups of laboratories. These are, — 

I. The PiOGEEs Laboratory of Physics 
11. The Kidder Chemical Laboratories. 

III. The John Cummixgs Laboratory of Mixing Exgixeerixg axd 
Metallurgy. 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



19 



IV. The Exgixeerixg Laboratopjes, ixcludixg the Laboratory 

OF Applied Mechaxics axd the Hydraulic Laboratory. 
V. The Biological Laboratory. 
VI. The Architectural Laboratory. 
YTL The Geological Laboratory. 
VIIL The Mechaxical Laboratories, or Workshops. 

The several laboratories may be described in the following 
terms : — 

I. The Rogers Laboratory of Physics comprises eighteen separate 
rooms, all in the Walker Building. 




Laboratohy of Gexeual Physics; "Walki.k lUii.nixc;. 



Of these, two are lecture-rooms seating ;^J.') and 70 persons 
respectively, the latter being used jointly by tlic^ chcinii'al and 
physical departments, and twelve arc laboratory rooms. TIumo arc 
also the physical library 89-J by ^M\ feet, the ai)j);uatiis-rooni, the 
office of the department, and a study. 

The following are the principal rooms usihI for laboratory 
instruction : — 



20 Massachusetts Ijistitute of TecJnwlogy, 

1. The Laburatury uf Ltinkral Phy>i<.s. lu^ by '1\^\ feet, on 
the tirst tioor, devoted to instruction m the principles of physical 
measurement. It is suppUed with a great variety of apparatus for 
experimental work in Mechanics, Optics, Heat, and Electricity. The 
instruction given in this laboratory is designed particularly to teach 
the student how to use physical measuring apparatus in general, and 
to make him familiar with the methods of determining various physi- 
cal constants. 

C. The Laboratory of Electrical ^Ieasurements, also on the 
first tioor and of the same size as the preceding, which is devoted 
chiefly to advanced electrical work carried on by the students in Elec- 
trical Engineering, Physics, and Chemistry. In this room will be 
found an extremely laro^e and valuable collection of electrical measur- 
ing apparatus of a character suited for delicate testing. Instruments 
for the determination of electrical resistance and capacity, electro- 
motive force and current, for the calibration of galvanometers, for 
the study of the magnetic properties of iron and steel, are in constant 
use by the more advanced students. Here are also the batteries for 
testing, amounting to over 300 cells. Much of this apparatus is 
original in design. A considerable amount of research and thesis 
work is carried on in this laboratorj. 

8. The Dtnamo-room in the basement, 40 by 40 feet, is provided 
with a AYestinghouse engine of 75 horse-power, the sole use of 
which is to furnish the power to drive the plant of dynamos. This 
plant, besides a number of smaller machines, comprises a 500 hght 
alternatinor current Thomson-Houston dvnamo. with transformers, a 
150 light Edison dynamo, a 200 light Thomson-Houston direct 
current dynamo, a 60 light Weston dynamo, a 3 arc-light Brush 
dynamo, a United States 300 Ampere low voltage dynamo for elec- 
trolytic work, and a Siemens' alternating arc-light dynamo. From 
time to time other large machines are temporarily placed here for 
purposes of study by the students. The wires from this room are 
carried to all parts of the building for experimental purposes, as well 
as for use in illumination. The illuminating circuits are, however, 
capable of instant connection with the mains of the Edison Illuminat- 
ing Co., so that all of the dynamos are available at all times for 
purposes of instruction. The dynamo-room is also furnished with a 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



21 



great variety of apparatus for measurements of the current, electro- 
motive force, and out-put of the dynamo machines. 

4. The Laboratories of Electrical Engineering comprise: 
A room 83|- by 29|- feet in the basement, devoted especially to 
thesis and other work in dynamo machinery. It contains a cradle 
dynamometer for the mechanical measurement of power consumed by 
dynamo machines, a large ice-calorimeter for testing transformers, a 
500 volt storage battery for purposes of calibration, a closed air- 




Dyxamo-R()o:m; Walkek Building. 



chamber, 8 by 8 feet, for testing ventilating fans and blowers, and 
a number of electro-motors of various capacities, together witli 
an extensive collection of railway signalHng apj)aratus used in the 
instruction of the mechanical, civil, and electrical onginooring stu- 
dents. In this room nuich of the testing of electro-motors, in 
connection with thesis work, is carried on. Tlie storage batteries are 
also placed here, and such a})paratus as is used in listing them. Here 
is also found a photometer room, for the purj)ose y^{ testing aix* and 
incandescent lights. 



22 



AlassacJmsetts Institute of Technology 



Two rooms, one 36|- by .29 feet, opening from the dynamo-room, 
and one ^3 J by 29 J feet, also in the basement, are used almost entirely 
for research in connection with the thesis work. 

5. The Laboratory of Heat Measurements, 16J by 29| feet, 
basement floor, contains a full collection of apparatus for scientific and 
technical tests of the chai'acter indicated by its name, including the 
measurement of high temperatures and of the calorific value of fuels. 

6. The Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, .2 b by 29-|- feet, base- 
ment floor, is designed for instruction in the modern developments of 




Thesis Work :' Tests of Electric Railway ^Iotors. 



physical and electro-chemistry, and is furnished with the necessary 
apparatus for this purpose. From it open a dark room for photo- 
graphic purposes, and two other small rooms for photometric and 
allied measurements. 

7. The Acoustic Laboratory. 33 by 294- feet, is situated on the 
second floor. This is designed especially for acoustic and telephonic 
study and research. It is furnished with special telephone and elec- 
tric light and power currents, and a constant-pressure blast. There 



Massachusetts InstittUe of Technology. 



are electro-motors and all other needed facilities for the electrical 
driving of sirens and like apparatus. In this laboratory is placed 
the extensive collection of acoustic apparatus belonging to the 
Institute. 

8. The Optical-room, 29|- by 29 feet, adjoins the Acoustic 
Laboratory east and south, and is particularly designed for sucli 
work as may require the use of sunlight. The cabinet of optical 
apparatus is located here. 

9. A room, 23 by 10 feet, on the same floor as the preceding, is 
fitted up for the purpose of the construction and test of resistance 
coils. It contains a constant temperature tank with the standard 
Wheatstone's bridge, and the necessary galvanometers and accessory 
apparatus. 

10. A small room, 16 by 15^ feet, opening from the Acoustic 
Laboratory, contains various electro-dynamometers, and like apparatus 
used in connection with measurements upon self-induction. 

11. The Kidder Laboratories of Chemistry in the Walker Building 
comprise eighteen working laboratories, four lecture-rooms, a librarv 
and reading-room, balance-rooms, offices, and supply rooms, — m all, 
thirty rooms. 

1. The Laboratory of General Chemistry is >1.5 by 39.5 
feet. It has 133 Avorking desks. Under each desk there are three 
complete sets of drawers and cupboards, so that the laboratory has 
accommodations for 400 students. The classes in this laboratory 
are limited to about 50 students working at one time. 

This laboratory is for beginners in chemistry, and the exercises 
durinf>: the first term of the first year are desio-ned not onlv to make 
the student familiar with chemical manipulation, and to teach him 
fundamental chemical facts, but also to train him in accurate liabiis 
of observation. In the second term of the first year, the elements ol' 
qualitative analysis are taught in this laboratory. 

2. The Laboratory of Analytical Chkaiistkv is likewise ^ 1.5 
by 39.5 feet. It has IDS desks, 4.S feet long, and each desk is pro- 
vided with cupboards and drawers in which a largi> amount of 
apparatus can be stored. 

These laboratories of (ieiieral and Anahtical (Tieiuisti'v are on the 



24 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



fourth (^topj lloor of the Walker Building, and each is lighted on 
three sides by .:23 windows. The rooms are 17 feet high, and have 
large skv-lights in the roof. They are provided with all the perma- 
nent littinors found in modern chemical laboratories for accurate and 
rapid work. The Analytical Laboratory is provided also with suit- 
able electrical currents and apparatus for electro-chemical analysis. 
The ventilation of these laboratories (as m all the rooms of the 
Walker Building) is effected by forcing m moderately warmed air by 




Laboratory of A^"ALYTICAL Chemi^^try : Walker Building. 



a powerful fan in the basement. The outlet of this air in the labora- 
tories is through the hoods which line the walls. The amount of air 
passing through the laboratories is such as to secui-e a total change 
once in seven minutes In consequence of this unusually perfect 
ventilation it is possible to conduct, without annoyance or injury, 
many chemical operations in the open laboratory, which in most 
chemical laboratories must be contined to closed hoods. In this 
laboratory there is a unique evaporator designed by Mr. S. H. Wood- 
bridge, of the Institute, in which evaporations of water and other 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



liquids can be very rapidly performed. It consists of a combination 
of a steam bath and a current of warm air. 

3. Adjoining the Analytical Laboratory is a room, 31.6 by 
11,7 feet, used exclusively for volumetric analysis. In this room, 
which is painted entirely in white, 21 students can work at the same 
time. 

4. The Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, also on the fourth 
floor, is 29.2 by 36 feet. It has desks for 26 students, and is provided 
with all theconveniencies and delicate apparatus required forAvork in 
organic chemistry. Adjoining is a laboratory, 6 by 26 feet, arranged 
exclusively for organic combustions. It has all the requisite fittings 
for gas, oxygen, blast, and suction to operate five furnaces at one time. 
On the roof above the Organic Laboratory is an enclosed room, 19.7 
by 23 feet, in which chemical operations of a dangerous or noxious 
character can be performed. 

Four small laboratories, 17.5 by 14.5 feet each, are also on the 
fourth floor, for the use of the staff of instruction. 

5. The Balance-room, communicating directly with the Ana- 
lytical and Organic Laboratories, is 12.2 by 32 feet ; it contains 22 
high-grade analytical balances. 

6. Sanitary Chemistry. There are two laboratories on the 
third floor, respectively 39.3 by 39.5 feet, and 37.3 by 29.5 feet. 
The instruction in Sanitary Chemistry comprises the examination of 
food products, such as flour, butter, milk, and the analysis of air 
and water, and the study of sanitary problems. In these labora- 
tories, under the charge of the head of the chemical department 
and the instructor in Sanitary Chemistry, has been conducted the 
orreat investi^'ation of the Massachusetts Board of Health into the 
natural waters of the State. In the course of this investigation, 
which is still in progress, there have been analyzed, since ISS7, over 
14,000 samples of water. 

7. The Laboratory for Gas Analysis occupies a room, 25.5 V.\ 
10.5 feet, partitioned oft' from one of the Sanitary Laboratories. It 
contains a collection of tlie best modern a[)paratus for the analysis 
of gases. The instruction in this department inchidos an extended 
course in gas analysis for students of Chemistry, and a siiorter course 
for the students in iMechanical iMigineering. The great importance 



26 



Massachusetts Institute of TccJniology. 



which attaches to the economic utihzation of fuel renders the 
course in the analysis of furnace gases particularly valuable to the 
eiisineer. 

^. Three chemical laboratories on the third floor are provided for 
the head of the department of Chemistry, for the Professor of Or- 
ganic Chemistrv, and for the Professor of Industrial Chemistry. 
These three laboratories, which are respectively 87.3. .04.3. and 1^.3 
bv 29.5 feet, are used also bv students engaged, dn'ectly under the 




Laboeatoey of Textile ColoeixCt : Walker Buildixg. 



professors, in original investigation, or in other advanced work 
aloug these lines. 

9. The Laboratories oe Ixdustrial Chemistry comprise a 
larore room in the basement for the manufactm*e of chemicals on a 
semi-industrial scale, and a laboratory for textile coloring on the 
third floor. The first mentioned is a room 59 by .:29.5 feet, which 
contains kettles of various patterns, stills, presses, tanks, centrifugal 
dryers, filter presses, crystal dryers, etc. The laboratory of textile 
coloring, 39.3 by CO. 5 feet, contains a large number of jacketed 
kettles, baths, and dve tubs, squeeze rolls, steamer, ager. and drier, 



Massachusetts Instit^ite of Technology. 



27 



and a two-color printing-machine. It is provided with arc-lights 
for working after dark. 

10. A room, 39 by 14 feet, on the second floor, is fitted for 
the special purpose of instruction in the optical analysis of sugar. 

There is a large and readily accessible store-room, 25.2 by 29.5 
feet, on the third floor, for chemicals and apparatus, another in the 
basement, and two supply-rooms on the fourth floor. Two under- 
ground vaults, respectively 37 by 9 feet, and 60 by 32.5 feet, are 




Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry; AValker Building. 



provided for the storage of apparatus in original packages, for carboys, 
inflammable liquids, etc. 

The Chemical Library and Reading-room, 32 by 17 feet, is situated 
between the Analytical and Organic Laboratories on the fourth floor. 

The principal chemical lecture-room is 45 by 10.5 feet, and is 
fitted Avith 220 rising seats. Another lecture-room, 2^ by 21 feet, 
has seats for 40, and a third room, for still smaller classes, accom- 
modates 10 students. A lecture-room, 35 by 25.5 fei^t, with a 
seating capacity of 05, is used by both the cluMnical and })hysieal 
departments. 



28 



jMassacJnisctts Institute of Technology 



III. The John Cumniings Laboratory of Mining Engineering and Met- 
allurgy, ill the basement of the Rogers Biiildiiig. comprises labora- 
tories for milling, for concentrating, and for smelting ores, as well 
as for testing them bv an assay and bv the blowpipe, and a librarv 
comprising the most important literature of the subject. 




S.MELTIXG LAliuliATORY: AVaTCHIXG FoR THE BlICK. 



The Blowpipe-room, .:2S bv 3.2.5 feet, is provided with tables for 
:24 students, and with the apparatus and supplies, balances, reagents, 
water, and gas, needed for the determination of minerals, as well as 
for the assay of silver by the blowpipe. 

The Room tor Assaying is 2'^.'?) by 85.65 feet, and contiguous 
with it is a balance-room, 13.0 by 16.7 feet, for fine balances. This 
laboratory is supplied with desks for fifty students, although only ten 
work at a time. There are ten crucible furnaces, seven muffles, with 



Massachusetts Institute cf Technology. 29 

the necessary stock of ore samples, ore and reagent balances, as well 
as fine button balances. 

The Milling-room is 91.7 by 27.9 feet, and can be used by a 
class of fifteen students. It is supplied with fine apparatus for mill- 
ing gold and silver ores by the various processes of amalgamation, 
lixiviation, and chlorination. This laboratory is also well provided 
wdth the machinery for concentrating gold, silver, copper, lead, and 
zinc ores, and has a complete plant for experimenting on the deposit- 
ing and refining of metals by electricity. 

The Smelting-room is 55 by 35.7 feet, and large enough for a 
class of fifteen students. This laboratory has complete apparatus 
for roasting and smelting ores, and refining metals in quantities of 
from 500 to 6,000 lbs., according to the process. 

The most noteworthy parts are the water-jacket furnace and the 
Briickner roasting cylinder. Attached to the laboratory ai'e : — 

1. A Library, 22.6 by 15.5 feet, containing over 3,000 volumes, includ- 

ing all the prominent mining and metallurgical periodicals in 
English, French, and German. 

2. A Private Laboratory, 16.7 by 14.2 feet, for chemicnl and physical 

experiments on ores. 

3. A Supply-room, 15.8 by 10 feet, for small apparatus and chemicals. 

4. An Office for the instructors. 

5. A Toilet-room, 21.5 by 20 feet, with al)undant supply of water, and 

with a hanging closet for each student in the department. 

IV. The Engineering Laboratories occupy the two lower floors of 
the Engineering Building on Trinity Place, and comprise labora- 
tories of steam engineering, of hydraulics, a laboratory for testing 
the strength of materials, and a room containing cotton machinery. 

The laboratories of steam and hydraulic engineering occu})y a 
portion of the lower floor, 50 by 100 feet, and the central portion ot 
the floor above, 50 by 70 feet. The heavier pieces of ai)paratus ami 
those requiring special foundations are placed on the lower floor. 

1. The Steam Laboratory. The most ])rominent feature ot 
this is the i), 1(), and 24 by 80 inch, Allis triple-e\i)ausion eugine, 
having a capacity of about 150 horse-power wlien ruuniug trii)le, 
with 150 lbs. initial pressure in the high-j)ressuiv cyhiuler. Tins 



30 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



engine is arranged so that any cylinder may be used single, or 
compound with either of the others. Also, each cylinder may be 
jacketed, wholly or in part, and the receiver may also be jacketed. 
The engine is connected with a large surface-condeuser and other 
apparatus necessary to adapt it to the purposes of accurate 
experiment. 



1 




Exgixeerixct Laboratory : Ax Exgixe Test. 

The laboratory also contains a 16 horse-power Harris-Corliss 
engine and an S horse-power engine used for giving instruction in 
valve-setting. In addition to these, there is a great variety of appa- 
ratus, including condensers, calorimeters, injectors and ejectors, steam 
pumps, etc., directly connected with studies in steam, also apparatus 
for testing the efficiency of transmission of power and for measuring 
the power transmitted. 



MassacJuisetts Institute of Technology. 



All the apparatus is arranged for experimental purposes \ and 
each student takes some part in the experiments on each piece of 
apparatus. The results of each test are calculated by each student, 
and also by the instructors in charge. Many of the tests not onlv 
give the student training, but contribute to scientific knowledge. 




Hydraulic Labouatoky: Exgixeeiung Buildini 



2. The Hydraulic Laboratory contains a closed tank. 5 fort in 
diameter and 27 feet high, extending from the basement uncK'r 
the lower floor to the up[)cr part of the room on the second floor. 
This is connected with a stand-i)ipe, 10 inches in diameter and on^t 
70 feet high, so arranged that the watc^- may br maiiiraiued at any 
desired point, glass gauges along the stand-pipe sei-\iiig to measuii' 
the height. ^The stan(l-pij)e is connected with a steam pump, with 
a rotary [)ump, and with the city suj)ply. On the sides of the large 



Massac fiKSi/fs histitiitc of TecJmology 



tank are the connections for the various hvdrauUc apparatus, mckid- 
iug apparatus for measuring the flow overweu'S; througli various 
sizes and shapes of orifices ; through hose-nozzles ; through different 
sizes of pipe, with the several varieties of obstructions that occur, — 
namely, diaphragms, couplings, elbows, T"s, bends, valves, etc. 
Connected with the tank, or with a centrifugal pump, is a Swain 
Turbine, so arranged that measiu'ements can be made of the power 
transmitted under various heads and with different openin£:s of orate. 

The Avater used in the various hydraulic apparatus is conducted 
to a well in the basement, from which the pumps of the laboratory 
obtain their supply. 

This laboratory alsj contains a Venturi meter, a AVorrhington 
meter, a 30 horse-power Pelton water-wheel, a hydraulic ram, a steel 
calibrating tank of .2 SO cubic feet capacity, Pitot tube apparatus for 
measiu-ing the distribution of velocity in pipes and jets, and 
instruments for measuring the exact size of jets. The laboratory 
is also equipped with a variety of mercury gauges, weirs, standard 
orifices, mouthpieces, diaphragms, nozzles, etc., for experiments with 
flowing water under all conditions. There is also a large collection 
of apparatus for field-work in hydraulics, suitable for measuring the 
flow m rivers or mill flumes, including three current meters of dif- 
ferent patterns, loaded tubes, double floats and surface floats of 
various kinds, a Darcy tube, with stop watches and all the accessory 
apparatus for gauging the flow of streams. 

As in the steam laboratory, each student takes part in a number 
of tests, and computes the results. 

3. The Labor ATorxY for testing the Strength of Materials 
occupies, on the flrst floor, 46 by 50 feet, and a room of the same 
size, directly above, on the second floor. It contains an Emery 
testing-machine of a capacity of 3<M3.0nO pounds, capable of con- 
taining a compression piece eighteen feet long, and a tension piece, 
twelve feet long; also a testing-machine of 100.000 pounds capacity 
for determining the transverse strength and stiffness of beams, fram- 
ing joints and other structures subjected to a transverse load : a machine 
for testing the torsional strength and stiffness of shafting up to three 
inches in diameter, and a variety of other apparatus for testing the 
tensile and compression strength of steel, wrought iron, cast iron, 
rope, wire, brick, stone, hydraulic cement, etc. 



Massachusetts Instititte of Tec/mology. 



oo 



These tests are all conducted on a practical scale, and the results 
obtained in the past have added largely to our knowledge of the 
strength of the materials used in construction. In addition to the 
regular prescribed course of instruction in the laboratories, a large 
amount of original investigation is carried on by the students in the 
fourth year in connection with the thesis work. 

4. A room on the second floor, 50 bv 30 feet, contains cotton 




TIT 



P^ ^^ 




Emery Testing-Machine ; Enginkkhing Labgkai\)1{Y. 

machinery, — namely, card, drawing-frame, speeder, fly-frame, ring 
spinning-frame, and mule. These machines are used by the students 
in the second term of the second year as examples of comphcated 
mechanisms, and are studied as such in connection with the previous 
course in the elements of mechanism. 'Hiey arc also used by the 
students taking the option of Mill Engineering, in connection with a 
study of the processes of cotton-spiniiiiig, and ispiM'ially for experi- 
mental work in connection with tliescs. 



V. The Biological Laboratory of the Institute occupirs a lar 



34 



MassacJnisctts In sti title of Technology 



room, 80 l)v DO feet, on the rirst floor of the Rogers Building. e\- 
teiuliug across the entire end of the building, on the Xe\v])niT Street 
side, with large windows opening mainly to the north. 

The laboratory, as a whole, is devoted to tlie practical examination 
and investigation of the physical, chemical, and physiological aspects 
of those problems concerning living organisms whicli iiatuiallv fall 
within the scope of a scientitic institntion. Tl: 
courses carried on in the laboratory are: — 



most important 




Machine Shop. 



1. Microscopy, for -^diicli special provision is made in a large 
supply of working instruments. Every student is provided with one 
of these, and becomes accustomed to its use. under expert supervision, 
in examinations of starches, sands, cotton, silk, wool and other fibres, 
yeasts, adulterated foods, etc. 

.:?. General Biology. That portion of the laboratory devoted 
to the work in Elementary Biology (including General Biology, 
General Zoology, and General Botany) contains places for twenty 
students. 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



OD 



The equipment of representative material, of charts, of dissecting 
and microscopical apparatus, and of all necessary instruments, is 
ample, and well adapted to develop personal skill in the student as 
well as the power of close and accurate observation. 

3. Comparative Anatomy and Embryology. For the numerous 
and detailed dissections and the carefully prepared specimens re- 
quired in these subjects there is special provision. Here also are 
places for twenty students, with large tables for the prepared material 
and with refrigerators for fresh material. 

4. Physiology and Histology. For the actual appreciation of 
the actions and reactions of organisms, for the study of their effects 
and of their powers, a great deal of apparatus, as well as much labor 
on the part of the student, is required. That section of the Bio- 
logical Laboratory devoted to these subjects is, therefore, essentially 
a workshop, provided with instruments, and having places for 
ten students. Here the student learns the technique of tissue- 
dyeing, of ribbon sectioning, of electrical dealings with muscle and 
nerve; the hydraulics of the circulation; artificial digestions and 
the separation of soluble ferments ; and the physiology of optics 
and acoustics. 

5. Micro-Organisms and Bacteriology. The most important 
feature of the biological laboratory work is the opportunity offered for 
thorough practical acquaintance with the lower and obscurer forms 
of life. These are not only of great general interest, but of immense 
and increasing economic importance. Vast industries, connected 
with food-preserving, canning, vinegar-making, and the like ; im- 
portant public affairs, such as water supply and milk supply ; 
sanitary interests, such as efficient ventilation, dust-destruction, 
garbage-disposal, and mere cleanliness, — these and many more con- 
ditions profoundly affecting the welfare of the community cK^pcud 
in the last analysis for their scientific administration n))()n an 
acquaintance with moulds, ferments, fungi, alga\ bactiM'ia, and othci* 
low forms of life. For the study of these tiie laboratoiy is thor- 
oughly equip})ed with special nncroscopcs and objectives, tluMtuo- 
stats, culture-rooms, etc. Here the students Icniu how (o prcpnic 
culture media; to j)lant, to collect, to si>paiatc. idiMitify, and 
describe species; to test the value of germicides and antisepiies; 



J/'.7ss(7c//!cst//s Institute of TccJniology, 



to examine and test natural waters : to discover,, enumerate, and 
classify the microscopical organisms in reservoirs, rivers or lakes, 
and in sewage. A portion of the biological work of the State 
Board of Health of Massachusetts is also carried on m this 
laboratory. 

^ I. The Architectural laboratory. The laboratory in the basement 

of the Architectural Buildnn^ has its floor directly on the concrete. 




Architectural Drawixg-R. 



and has a clear height of 17^ feet; is 'rl feet long, and .Co feet 
wide. This height allows an eifective system of plumbing, for test- 
ing pm'poses, to be set up. On a four-inch main are arranged four 
oflPsets, in the same relative position as they are placed in regular 
house plumbing. This scheme is intended to show the effect upon 
traps of a solid column of water as it passes down the main. There 
is also placed near the ceiling a tank with a 1^ inch out- 
let. This is used in testing the regular 1^ inch wastes with 
their traps. The four-inch main is fifty-tive feet long, and on 
top of it is a reservoir holding seven hundred gallons of water. la 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 37 

this laboratory are carried on the experiments and tests in limes, 
cements, etc., and practical lessons are given in the mixing of mortars. 
The course in clay-modelling is also given here. At one end of this 
room is the engine and fan used for the heating and ventilation of the 
building. 

VII . The Geological Laboratories. 

1. The Laboratory of Mineralogy, Lithology, Structural 
Geology, and Economic Geology, Room 12, Rogers Building. 

Capacity, 36 students. 

The apparatus used in this laboratory includes two lithologic 
microscopes, a reflecting goniometer, three hand-goniometers^ dichro- 
scope, clinometer, specific gravity balances, zoetrope, etc. ; also a 
complete series of crystal models, of glass and wood, about 400 in 
all, about 125 crystallographic charts, and about 175 charts illus- 
trating structural geology ; a series of wooden models illustrating 
geologic structure, etc. 

The collection of specimens forming part of the laboratory equip- 
ment is quite extensive, embracing : — 

(«) About 250 trays of minerals specially prepared for laboratory 
work, amounting to nearly 4,000 specimens ; (/^) 40 examination 
trays of minerals, containing 1,000 specimens; (c) A students' refer- 
ence collection of minerals, — 1,000 specimens in a case of 24 
drawers ; (r/) A systematic collection of minerals, filling 35 drawers 
and 2 cases of shelves ; {(') 160 trays of rocks specially prepared for 
laboratory work in lithology, containing 1,920 specimens; (/') 60 
examination trays of rocks, containing about 600 specimens : (//) A 
students' reference collection of rocks of 250 specimens in 12 
drawers; (//) A systematic lecture collection of rocks, tilling 32 drawers 
and a set of shelves ; (/) 400 thin sections of rocks for the microscope ; 
(^■) 40 drawers and one glass case of specimens ilhistrating structural 
geology; (/;) About forty dressed blocks of building stones, and 
nearly 200 specimens of polished marble and other ornanienlal 
stones; (/) An extensive collection of ores and other econonne 
minerals, filling SO drawers and 25 fin^t of glass cas(\ 

2. A I'oom in the basiMUcMit is uschI in part for tlu^ l)l()wpij)e work 
in Determinative iMineralogy. It is supplied with tables, Hunsen- 



o 



8 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



burners, agate mortars, and other accessary apparatus accommodating 
classes of twenty-four students each. 

The minerals used are arranged in ten series of specimens, repre- 
senting sixty species in each, and classified in eighty wooden trays. 

3. The Geological Library and Laboratory, Room 14, Rogers 
Buildino^. This room is Hkewise used as a recitation -room for a few 
of the smaller and more advanced classes. It contains the Roijers 
Geological Library of about thirteen hundred bound volumes and 
several hundred pamphlets ; also, the current munbers of eight of 
the leading serial publications. \\\ the cases are two hundred 
drawers of specimens of fossils and rocks, stratigraphically arranged. 
There is also an exhibition case of specimens arranged in like 
manner, and a case of eighteen large drawers tilled with maps, sec- 
tions, and drawings. The room is well supplied with tables at 
which students pursue their studies in stratigraphical palaeontology 
and micro-litholoo:v. Geoloocical maps and sections are drawn, and 
lield notes are revised, and the results of investigations are here 
prepared for final presentation. 



A III. The Mechanical Laboratories or Workshops. T\ orkshops of 
the Listitute of Technology were founded m 1"^7(3. Li 1"^"^3. 
a new and extensive series of shops was constructed, covering 
about .04.000 square feet of ground. The carpenter shop contains 
forty benches, \vith lockers and tools and such special machines as 
circular and jig saws, a planer, etc. L] the pattern and wood-turning 
shop are thirty-six pattern-maker's benches with wood-turning lathes 
and the recpiisite tools, and a large pattern-maker's lathe. In the 
machine shop are twenty-three engine-lathes, seventeen speed-lathes, 
two planers, a shaper, a drill-press, two inilling machines, and a 
universal grinding machine, together with the proper equipment 
of supplemental tools. In the same room are arranged thirty-two 
benches for chipping and filing, scraping, and other bench work. 
In the forge shop are thirty-two forges and anvils, with propei' tools. 
In the foundry is a cupola furnace, two brass furnaces, a white-metal 
furnace, a core-baking oven, and thirty-two molder's benches. The 
power required for the shops is furnished by a seventy horse-power 
boiler and a forty horse-power Brown engine. 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 39 

Work ill the mechanical laboratories, or shops, at the Institute of 
Technology is so organized and conducted as to constitute a valuable 
part of the training of an engineer. It is not expected that the 
graduates of the Institute will become mechanics. The shops are not 
maintained for that purpose, nor are the students kept at work making 
objects for sale. The pieces to be made are all considered as problems, 
teaching various operations and the use of the appropriate tools. At 
the same time useful pieces are introduced wherever it is consist- 
ent with the systematic arrangement of exercises. In all exercises 
the piece which is to result is clearly shown upon a working drawing. 

The engineering students of the Institute of Technology go into 
the shops for the purpose of acquiring mental as well as manual 
training. The object of the shop execises is instruction, not con- 
struction. The shops are laboratories in mechanics ; and the use of 
them is intended to be as scholarly as the use made of the other 
kboratories of the Institute. The student is not kept making one 
piece over and over again until he can do it with rapidity and with 
the finish required for commercial purposes. Tlie moment he has 
made one piece of a kind so that it reaches the standard in respect 
to dimensions, neatness of finish, closeness of joining, etc., he is set 
to making another piece of a more advanced character, which com- 
prises the elements already acquired and something else which is 
new. The students are allowed to take away the pieces they have 
made, if they choose to do so ; if not, the pieces are thi'own \\\w\\ 
the heap of material. The pieces have been made for the sake of 
training the eye, the hand, and the brain of the student to work 
together toward a formulated end. 

ENDOWMENT. 

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is unfortunately still 
an unendowed institution, in the sense that its receipts from invested 
property constitute but a very small part of the means riMpiireil. 

First and last, about a million and a half dollars have becMi given or 
bequeathed to the school, some part of which it li;is been absolutely 
necessary to use for current maintenance^. Of llu> amount nu>ntioiUHl, 
the State of Massachusetts gave S.OOO.OOO. one half K^'i which was tree 
of conditions, the otluM- half being for \\w suppoi't k^{ frei> scholarships. 



40 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



The two principal contributors to the funds of the Institute in its 
earlier days were Dr. Wm. J. Walker and Mr. Ralph Huntington. 
The principal contributors of late years have been Messrs. George 
B. Dorr, Richard Perkins, Jerome S. Kidder, Mrs. Henry Edwards, 
Mrs. Catherine P. Perkins, Arthur Rotch, and Henry Saltonstall. 

The amount of income-yielding property held by the Institute is 
$751,544.80. The land and buildings occupied by the Institute 
stand on the books of the Treasurer at §1,025,474.92. In addi- 




Architectural Department; Free-hand Drawing Class. 



tion to the land held in fee, the Institute enjoys the right of 
perpetual occupancy, by grant from the Commonwealth of Massa- 
chusetts, of the land upon which the Rogers and Walker Buildings 
stand. 

The equipment of the several buildings and their laboratories, in- 
cluding the libraries, the accumulations of thirty years, represents 
an expenditure of probably about $200,000. 

The net annual income from invested funds is about $25,000. 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



41 



The income from students' fees last year (1893-94) was 
$212,119.00. The Institute receives one third of the national grants 
to the State of Massachusetts under the United States Acts of 1862 
and 1890, amounting at present to about $12,000 a year. It has 
also a certain income from rents and other sources, making the total 
receipts (1893-1894) $281,729.01. The expenditures for the same 
year amounted to $295,332.33, leaving a deficit for the year of 
$13,603.32. Of the total expenditures $200,842.04 was for salaries. 




Tests on Yentilatixg Fans. 



^J. 



leje 1D5 



PUBLICATIONS 



OF 



THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE 
OF TECHNOLOGY, 



ANNUAL CATALOGUE, issued in December, containing lists of Officers 
and Students ; a full statement of the Courses of Instruction, a register 
of the Graduates with their professional positions, and an account 
of the Lowell School of Design. 

PROGRAMME, identical with the Catalogue, but not containing the Sched- 
ule of Topics, the Registers of Students and of Graduates. 

SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULARS. 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology : a Brief Account of its 
Foundation, Character, and Equipment. 

Of the Departments of Civil Engineering ; Mechanical Engineering; 
Physics and Electrical Engineering ; Architecture ; Chemical Engineer- 
ing (in preparation) ; Chemistry ; Biology ; Gefieral Studies; Naval 
Architecture, 

In regard to Opportunities for Teachers; The Lowell School of Design ; 
Requirements for Admission; Summer Courses. 

Register of Scie?itific Periodicals on file in the libraries of the Institute. 

Any of the above publications will be sent free upon application to 

H. W. TYLER, Secretary. 

4Qr Boylston Street, Boston^ Mass 



THE TECHNOLOGY QUARTERLY AND PROCEEDINGS OF 

THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. 

Published by the Society of Arts. 

Containing the results of the scientific investigations of the different depart- 
ments of the Institute, and the principal papers read before the Society 
of Arts. Subscription price, $3.00 per annum. Address, 

TKCHNOLOGY QUARTERLY, 

Massachusetts Institute of Techtiolo^'. 



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019 713 400 8 




